Who said “there is no ‘I’ in team”? The effects of observational learning content level on efficacy beliefs in groups

TY - JOUR

T1 - Who said “there is no ‘I’ in team”? The effects of observational learning content level on efficacy beliefs in groups

AU - Bruton, Adam

AU - Shearer, David

AU - Mellalieu, Stephen

PY - 2019/11/1

Y1 - 2019/11/1

N2 - Objectives: To investigate the effects of individual-level observational learning (OLINDV), team-level observational learning (OLTEAM), and multi-level observational learning (OLMULTI) on efficacy beliefs, task cohesion, and performance across three studies in sports teams.Design: Cross-sectional, experimental and single-case designs were employed across the three studies, respectively. Method: Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to explore the predictive relationship between OLINDV and OLTEAM use, and collective efficacy and task cohesion in 210 team sports athletes. Study 2 used a repeated-measures experimental design to compare effects of OLINDV versus OLTEAM interventions on collective and self-efficacy in two soccer teams. Study 3 used a single-case A-A-B-B design to assess the effectiveness of OLMULTI interventions on self-efficacy, collective efficacy, task cohesion and performance in an elite age-grade rugby union team across a competitive season.Results: In study 1, both OLINDV and OLTEAM use predicted collective efficacy, but only OLTEAM use predicted task dimensions of cohesion. In study 2, collective efficacy increased for both the OLINDV and OLTEAM interventions while self-efficacy increased only for the OLINDV intervention. In study 3, visual and effect size analyses indicated increased self-efficacy, collective efficacy task cohesion, and performance for the team during the off- and in-season intervention phases where the OLMULTI interventions were administered alongside usual sporting involvement (training sessions and/or competitive fixtures). Conclusions: The novel findings of this investigation show that OLINDV, OLTEAM and OLMULTI interventions can enhance efficacy beliefs in practical contexts and warrant application in groups across domains.© 2019, Elsevier. The attached document (embargoed until 13/07/2019) is an author produced version of a paper published in PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self- archiving policy. The final published version (version of record) is available online at the link. Some minor differences between this version and the final published version may remain. We suggest you refer to the final published version should you wish to cite from it.

AB - Objectives: To investigate the effects of individual-level observational learning (OLINDV), team-level observational learning (OLTEAM), and multi-level observational learning (OLMULTI) on efficacy beliefs, task cohesion, and performance across three studies in sports teams.Design: Cross-sectional, experimental and single-case designs were employed across the three studies, respectively. Method: Study 1 used a cross-sectional design to explore the predictive relationship between OLINDV and OLTEAM use, and collective efficacy and task cohesion in 210 team sports athletes. Study 2 used a repeated-measures experimental design to compare effects of OLINDV versus OLTEAM interventions on collective and self-efficacy in two soccer teams. Study 3 used a single-case A-A-B-B design to assess the effectiveness of OLMULTI interventions on self-efficacy, collective efficacy, task cohesion and performance in an elite age-grade rugby union team across a competitive season.Results: In study 1, both OLINDV and OLTEAM use predicted collective efficacy, but only OLTEAM use predicted task dimensions of cohesion. In study 2, collective efficacy increased for both the OLINDV and OLTEAM interventions while self-efficacy increased only for the OLINDV intervention. In study 3, visual and effect size analyses indicated increased self-efficacy, collective efficacy task cohesion, and performance for the team during the off- and in-season intervention phases where the OLMULTI interventions were administered alongside usual sporting involvement (training sessions and/or competitive fixtures). Conclusions: The novel findings of this investigation show that OLINDV, OLTEAM and OLMULTI interventions can enhance efficacy beliefs in practical contexts and warrant application in groups across domains.© 2019, Elsevier. The attached document (embargoed until 13/07/2019) is an author produced version of a paper published in PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE uploaded in accordance with the publisher’s self- archiving policy. The final published version (version of record) is available online at the link. Some minor differences between this version and the final published version may remain. We suggest you refer to the final published version should you wish to cite from it.

KW - sports teams

KW - applied interventions

KW - multi-level observational learning

KW - efficacy beliefs

KW - multi-study

U2 - 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101563

DO - 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101563

M3 - Article

SN - 1469-0292

VL - 45

JO - PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE

JF - PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE

M1 - 101563

ER -